E_max = 2E(E + 2m₀c²) / (Mc²)

E_max(v) ≈ E_max + 2·(pc)·(v/c), pc = √(E(E+2m₀c²))

σ = 4πa₀²Z²(E_R/m₀c²)²·(1−β²)/β⁴ · [ (x−1) − β² ln x + πZαβ(2√x − ln x − 2) ], x = T_m/E_d

D(r) = (I·t/e)·p_Airy(r) P = 1 − e^−σD P(S₂ → 0) = 1 − e^−σD(1 + σD)